After the restoration of democracy in Spain, the government formally dissolved the following year. Civil Guard was present. The End of the Spanish Monarchy (04:04) In January of 1931 the king asks Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar to form a new government. Several Republican factions join together with the intention of overthrowing the Spanish monarchy and they form the Pact of San Sebastian. Hoover Moratorium June 20, 1931. Peninsular War lost by Joseph I. In a speech delivered on 27 November 1932, at the Madrid Ateneo, he protested: "Even the Inquisition was limited by certain legal guarantees. [19] A Catholic church in Zaragoza was burnt down in 1933. Bloody purges followed in each piece of captured "Nationalist" territory in order to consolidate Franco's future regime. The Republicans tried to turn their rag-tag militia into an effective fighting [42], The right reacted as if radical communists had taken control, despite the new cabinet's moderate composition; they were shocked by the revolutionary masses taking to the streets and the release of prisoners. Beevor, Antony. The monarchy had become very unpopular by 1930, and it was associated with the Catholic Church, but the Church did not oppose Spain’s transition from monarchy … Arsenio Martínez Campos led a successful pronunciamientorestoring the Bourbon monarchy. They would wait for 36 years, for Franco remained in power Having lost faith in the monarchy, leaders of various factions create the Pact of San Sebastian, promoting a new republic. Before long the professional Army of Africa had much of the south and west under the control of the rebels. Unlike many countries which deposed monarchs in favor of democratic forms of government, Spain re-introduced the monarchy by crowning King Juan Carlos I after nearly 40 years without a monarch. 1 No. More Information and Timeline for the Second Spanish Republic 1. The The Siege of the Alcázar at Toledo early in the war was a turning point, with the rebels winning after a long siege. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the extreme right. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. HItler German Chancellor January 30, 1933 . Potomac Books, Inc., 2005, p.66, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPreston1983 (, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBeevor2006 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFThomas2001 (, sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFPreston2006 (. [15] The Pact of San Sebastián was the key to the transition from monarchy to republic. Japanese invasion of Manchuria September 19, 1931 - February 27, 1932. Fifty eight religious buildings including churches, convents and part of the university at Oviedo were burned and destroyed. Calvo Sotelo was one of the most prominent Spanish monarchists who, describing the government's actions as Bolshevist and anarchist, had been exhorting the army to intervene, declaring that Spanish soldiers would save the country from communism if "there are no politicians capable of doing so". The right reacted with fervor. "[23] Pope Pius XI condemned the Spanish government's deprivation of the civil liberties of Catholics in the encyclical Dilectissima Nobis. Having lost faith in the monarchy, leaders of various factions create the Pact of San Sebastian, promoting a new republic. Spain - Spain - Primo de Rivera (1923–30) and the Second Republic (1931–36): Primo de Rivera was a political improviser who believed his mission was to save Spain from the old politicians and to hand over government (after an interval of personal rule) to “clean” patriots. Sir Henry Wellesley (brother of Arthur, Duke of Wellington), signed a … From 1887 to 1931 Spain was a monarchy under the ruler Alfonso XIII, but it was held in place by the military dicatorship of Primo de Rivera from 1923 onwards. force, beginning in October 1936 with the creation of the Popular Army, which, Mola organized for military action in Pamplona, while Franco traveled to Morocco Legion of about 100 planes, which was largely responsible for the Guernica In 1931, Spanish King Alfonso XIII authorized elections to decide the government of Spain, and voters overwhelmingly chose to abolish the monarchy in favor of a liberal republic. The Nationalists did experience some However the entrance of CEDA in the government, although being normal in a parliamentary democracy, was not well accepted by the left. Republicans was the presence of the International Brigades. This helped the development of the fascist-inspired Falange Española, a National party led by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the son of the former dictator, Miguel Primo de Rivera. Thus, the [6] In the occupied areas, the rebels officially declared a proletarian revolution and abolished regular money. In July 1814, the English ambassador to Spain. Despite receiving the most votes, CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly Create a Revolutionary Committee. The leaders of the treason (Franco was not commander-in-chief yet) did not lose heart with the stalemate and apparent failure of the coup. In 1973 as the situation in Spain moved towards revolution and final overthrow of the hated Franco regime Ted Grant wrote this document drawing all the lessons from those tumultuous events. That was overthrown to create a republic. The country changes from a monarchy to a republic overnight as a result of nationwide elections. [33] Another rebellion by the autonomous government of Catalonia, led by its president Lluís Companys, was also suppressed and was followed by mass arrests and trials. Republic instated after Alphonse XIII fled Spain. Despite receiving the most votes, CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year. Spanish bourbon monarchy. while better organized than the militias, was chronically short of arms and Not recognized by the Spanish patriots during the war. [4] A general strike was called by the UGT and the PSOE in the name of the Alianza Obrera. Wide layers of the working population associate the toppling of the Spanish monarchy in 1931 and the establishment of the 1931-1939 Second Republic with an era of progress. The Pact of San Sebastiánwas the key to the transition from monarchy to republic. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the extreme right. [9] Manuel Azaña Díaz was called upon to form a government before the electoral process had come to an end; he would shortly replace Zamora as president, taking advantage of a constitutional loophole. The Popular Front won the election on 16 February with 263 MPs against 156 right-wing MPs, grouped within a coalition of the National Front with CEDA, Carlists, and Monarchists. The Second Spanish Republic The Second Republic in Spain lasted from 1931 to 1939. As a result, an estimated total of half a million people would lose their lives in the war that followed; the number of casualties is actually disputed as some have suggested as many as a million people died. You can view our. The Spanish Civil War: A Military History. Any deviation, even if democratic, was seen as treasonous.[5]. The monarchy of Tahiti came to an end in 1880 when France made it a colony and overthrew King Pōmare V. That of Burma was abolished in 1885, when the last king, Thibaw Min, lost his throne and the country was annexed by Britain. [2] Catholic churches in major cities were again subject to arson in 1932, and a revolutionary strike action was seen in Málaga the same year. It came on the tails of the crash of 1929 and ended with General Franco’s victory in the Spanish Civil War. until his death in 1975. Convinced that the left was no longer willing to follow the rule of law and that its vision of Spain was under threat, the right abandoned the parliamentary option and began to conspire as to how to best overthrow the republic, rather than taking control of it.[43][44]. The The Spanish state originated in its current form in the Spanish Civil War of 1931-1935, in which the Spanish monarchy was overthrown by protesting civilians in the middle and lower classes of Spain led to the overthrow of the Spanish King Alfonso XIII. 11, 1 June 1931, p. 1. In this No, the Spain was ruled by an authoritarian government, that had the blessing of the king from 1923 to 1931. Leftist pro-republic, anti-monarchy. but he knew nothing of the generals' plans. Source: Class Struggle, Official Organ Of The Communist League Of Struggle (Adhering to the International Left Opposition), Vol. Once the constituent assembly had fulfilled its mandate of approving a new constitution, it should have arranged for regular parliamentary elections and adjourned. 2. The End of the Spanish Monarchy (04:04) In January of 1931 the king asks Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar to form a new government. The pact, signed by representatives of the main Republican forces, allowed a joint anti-monarchy political campaign. Not recognized by the Spanish patriots during the war. Spain was a constitutional monarchy in 1920 and Alfonso XIII was king. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the rebel faction that fought to establish a military dictatorship under General Francisco Franco. Franco also approached Valladares to propose the declaration of martial law and calling out of the army. [60] However, the separation of church and state was forgotten once the conflict assumed the dimension of a war of religion, and military authorities increasingly deferred to the Church and to the expression of Catholic sentiment. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional [16] The 12 April 1931 municipal elections led to a landslide victory for republicans. However, the Popular Front, which had proved an effective election tool, did not translate into a Popular Front government. Many fled Spain, becoming refugees and awaiting the toppling of the Franco's wing Primo de Rivera claimed himself not as dictator but as supporter of constitutional Liberalism. As a reaction, the Socialists triggered an insurrection that they had been preparing for nine months. However, a number of captured priests, businessmen and civil guards were summarily executed by the revolutionaries in Mieres and Sama. leftist volunteers were made up mostly of workers, who volunteered out of [36] In line with Payne's point of view, in 2017 two Spanish Scholars, Manuel Álvarez Tardío and Roberto Villa García published the result of a research where they concluded that the 1936 elections were rigged. Nationalists suffered from incompetent junior officers, but not to the same [32] Thirty thousand workers were mobilized for battle within ten days. 58 (2018). Monarchy overthrown in... 1931. brutal massacre 1500 died and 800 were wounded, but the military targets in the Despite significant rivalries and disagreements, the socialists, Communists, and the Catalan-and-Madrid-based left-wing Republicans decided to work together under the name Popular Front. He left Spain voluntarily after the municipal elections of April 1931, which were taken as a plebiscite on abolishing the monarchy. The … Failed their military rising and a general strike. This greatly contributed to their "backwardness", as their industry was located away from their coal reserves which caused immense transportation costs due to the mountainous Spanish terrain. Instead he invited the Radical Republican Party's Alejandro Lerroux to do so. However, republicanism continued to grow, and the monarchy was overthrown in 1931 when Spain became a republic. their involvement, and hundreds of airplanes were sent, along with tanks and Landowners were expropriated. [50] Although the nationalist generals were already planning an uprising, the event was a catalyst and a public justification for a coup. With the rebellion of 1934, the Spanish left lost even the shadow of moral authority to condemn the rebellion of 1936" [35]. Under the barrage of nationalist attack Barcelona fell, during It was used as a testing ground for the German Luftwaffe's Condor Legion. Primo de Rivera's attempts to constitutionalize the dictatorship meet with hostility from the people and he is overthrown in 1930. The 1931 Constitution would be suspended, replaced by a new "constituent parliament" which would be chosen by a new politically purged electorate, who would vote on the issue of republic versus monarchy. Despite an attempt at a general stoppage in Madrid, other strikes did not endure. Alfonso XIII was deposed as King of Spain in 1931. Most of its contents were to be enacted through the 1810s, so it did not actually work. The bombing of Guernica was probably the most infamous event of the war and inspired Picasso's painting. When the antifascist Castillo and the anti-socialist Calvo Sotelo were buried on the same day in the same Madrid cemetery, fighting between the Police Assault Guard and fascist militias broke out in the surrounding streets, resulting in four more deaths. The initial government would be an all-military "Directory", which would create a "strong and disciplined state." Germany also made a great contribution in the form of specialists and Franco's ensuing rein was one of oppression and tradition. [37][38] This view has been criticised by Eduardo Calleja and Francisco Pérez, who question the charges of electoral irregularity and argue that the Popular Front would still have won a slight electoral majority even if all of the charges were true. September 29, 1936, there was no one to challenge his authority. The Republicans, aided by the Soviet Union, The Monarchy of Spain (Spanish: Monarquía Española), constitutionally referred to as The Crown (Spanish: La Corona), is a constitutional institution and the highest office of Spain. [4] A general strike was called by the UGT and the PSOE in the name of the Alianza Obrera. "Revisando el revisionismo. [61] However, Mola's program was vague and only a rough sketch, and there were disagreements among coupists about their vision for Spain. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional government took power. The disenchantment with Azaña's ruling was voiced by Miguel de Unamuno, a republican and one of Spain's most respected intellectuals, who in June 1936 told a reporter who published his statement in El Adelanto that President Manuel Azaña should commit suicide as a patriotic act". The republicans detest and vilify Franco while never accepting any of the responsibility that they have for a man like him ever coming to power in the first place because, remember, the Spanish monarchy was overthrown in 1931 and the rebellion led by Franco did not begin until 1936. Spain In Spain, the monarchy was again abolished in 1931 by the Second … In response a group of Guardia de Asalto and other leftist militiamen led by Civil Guard Fernando Condés, after getting the approval of the minister of interior to illegally arrest a list of members of parliament, went to right-wing opposition leader José Calvo Sotelo's house in the early hours of 13 July on a revenge mission. The King was not in Spain during the Franco years but rather in exile. Republican government in Madrid under Largo Cabellero was divided within itself, [64] American historian Stanley G. Payne thinks that the process was a major electoral fraud, with widespread violation of the laws and the constitution. [24], The legislative branch was changed to a single chamber called the Congress of Deputies. This operation earned López Ochoa the nickname "Butcher of Asturias". General Sanjurjo would be the head of this new regime, due to being widely liked and respected within the military, though his position would be a largely symbolic due to his lack of political talent. General Miguel Primo de Rivera is overthrown as Spain's leader on January 28th, 1930. leadership. [3] After a year of intense pressure, CEDA finally forced the appointment of three of its three ministries. [2], Soon Azaña came into conflict with both the right and far left. In face of CEDA's electoral victory, President Alcalá-Zamora declined to invite its leader, Gil Robles, to form a government, fearing CEDA's monarchist sympathies. confused about its identity and ideology. They created the Revolutionary Committee and they called a general strike most of the memebers were arrested. [66] Imposed in the name of neutrality, the international isolation of the Spanish Republic ended up favouring the interests of the future Axis Powers.[67]. difficulties. [40][11][41] Valladares resigned, even before a new government could be formed. Home rule was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a president of its own. Sotelo was arrested and later shot dead in a police truck. According to all later investigations, the perpetrator of the murder was a socialist gunman, Luis Cuenca, who was known as the bodyguard of PSOE leader Indalecio Prieto. Almost immediately after the results were known, a group of monarchists asked Robles to lead a coup but he refused. In 1932 the Jesuits (who were in charge of some schools throughout the country) were banned and had all their property confiscated and the army was reduced. [32] This rebellion lasted for two weeks until it was crushed by the army, led by General Eduardo López Ochoa. Following the overthrow of the Spanish Monarchy in April 1931, the new Republican regime created the Guardia de Asalto as a gendarmerie style national armed police that could be used to suppress disorders in urban areas. The Spanish government was marred by inefficiency and corruption. The remaining Republican fronts collapsed, and Madrid fell in March 1939. [3] After a year of intense pressure, CEDA, the largest party in the congress, was finally successful in forcing the acceptance of three ministries.
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